England and the most Ancient History

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom in short UK. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. The crown of England and Scotland were united under James-I, and so England ceased to be an individual kingdom. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers much of the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law – the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world – developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialized nation.

Church of England

Christianity is known to have existed in Britain in Roman times, but what happened in England, as we know it to-day, after the decay of Roman rule in the 5^th century is not recorded. In the 5^th century the Teutonic invaders were pagan, and they remained so until St. AUGUSTINE came from Rome to preach the Gospel to them in A.D. 597. St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, and there has been a continuous line of his successors ever since. Later the Celtic Christians became united with those of England, and the Church of Wales to-day is in full communion with the Church of England. The Church of England claims continuity of its Holy Orders through St. Augustine and his successors and also through the Celtic Church, from the APOSTLES (apostolic succession). Her teaching is based upon the Bible and is in accord with the CATHOLIC principles of the early undivided Church. She doesn't acknowledge the authority of the POPE over all other bishops. Her episcopally ordained ministers and BISHOPS, PRIESTS & DEACONS. She also has DEACONESSES, but they are not in HOLY ORDERS. Laymen are widely licensed to take some services and preach as LAY READERS. The ANGLICAN COMMUNION comprises the Church of England and her daughter churches in all parts of the world (old catholics). The Church Assembly of three 'houses'-bishops, clergy and laity-is the legislative body of the Church and his power to lay measures before Parliament for acceptance or rejection but not for amendment. Doctrinal matters are the concern of the clergy assembled in the two Convocations of Canterbury and York. The laity may be consulted on doctrinal matters through the House of Laity of the Church of Assembly. England is divided for administrative and pastoral purposes into Dioceses, each diocese having its own BISHOP (and sometimes he has the help of (i) Suffragan bishops appointed, like the diocesans, by the Crown; and sometimes additionally of (ii) Assistant bishops who happen to reside in or near the diocese). Dioceses are subdivided in archdeaconries, over each of which I set an archdeacon. The archdeaconry may be subdivided into rural deaneries, each with its own rural dean, who presides over the local clergy in the ruridecanal chapter; he is generally one of the parish priests in the deanery. Rural deaneries consists of parishes, each of which has its own parish priest, usually designated RECTOR or VICAR; he may have help from other clergy who are assistant curates (or, colloquially, ''curates''). The clergy of cathedral churches from chapters over which presides a DEAN or PROVOST. Parishes, rural deaneries and dioceses have their own church councils or ''conferences'', to transact administrative business and, in the case of parish and diocese, to elect lay representatives to represent the laity in higher councils of the Church.

List of Monach in England and its History

There have been 12 monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom (the Monarchy of the United Kingdom). A new Kingdom of Great Britain was formed on 1 May 1707 with the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which had been in personal union under the House of Stuart since 24 March 1603. On 1 January 1801, Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland (also previously in personal union with Great Britain) to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After most of Ireland left the union on 6 December 1922, its name was amended on 12 April 1927 to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

ANGLO-SAXON & DANISH KINGS

NAME	Reigned
EGBERT	827-39
ETHELWULF	839-58
ETHELBALD	858-60
ETHELBERT	860-66
ETHELRED-I	866-71
ALFRED THE GREAT	871-901
EDWARD THE ELDER	901-25
ATHELSTAN	925-40
EDMUND-I	940-46
EDRED	946-55
EDWY	955-59
EDGAR THE PEACEFUL	959-75
EDWARD THE MARTYR	975-78
ETHELRED-II (THE UNREADY)	978-1013
SWEYN	1013-14
ETHELRED-II	1014-16
EDMUND-II (IRONSIDE)	1016
CANUTE	1016-35
HAROLD-I	1035-40
HARDICANUTE	1040-42
EDWARD THE CONFESSOR	1042-66
HAROLD-II	1066

NORMAN KINGS

WILLIAM-I	1066-87
WILLIAM-II	1087-1100
HENRY-I	1100-35
STEPHEN	1135-54

PLANTAGENET KINGS

HENRY-II	1154-89
RICHARD-I	1189-99
JOHN	1199-1216
HENRY-III	1216-72
EDWARD-I	1272-1307
EDWARD-II	1307-27
EDWARD-III	1327-77
RICHARD-II	1377-99

THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER

HENRY-IV	1399-1413
HENRY-V	1413-22
HENRY-VI	1422-61

THE HOUSE OF YORK

EDWARD-IV	1461-83
EDWARD-V	1483
RICHARD-III	1483-85

THE HOUSE OF TUDOR

HENRY-VII	1485-1509
HENRY-VIII	1509-47
EDWARD-VI	1547-53
MARY-I	1553-58
ELIZABETH-I**	1558-1603

THE HOUSE OF START

JAMES-I	1603-25
CHARLES-I	1625-49

COMMONWEALTH (1649-60)

Oliver Cromwell	1653-58
Richard Cromwell	1658-59

THE HOUSE OF STUART – contd.

CHARLES-II	1660-85
JAMES-II	1685-89
WILLIAM-III & MARY-II ( 1689-94 )	1689-1702
ANNE	1702-14

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER

GEORGE-I	1714-27
GEORGE-II	1727-60
GEORGE-III	1760-1820
GEORGE-IV	1820-30
WILLIAM-IV	1830-1901

THE HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURG

EDWARD-VII

1901-10

THE HOUSE OF WINDSOR

GEORGE-V	1910-36
EDWARD-VIII	1936
GEORGE-VI	1936-52
ELIZABETH-II	1952

  

History of Greek

The ancient name of Greece is Achaea. The Achaeans are the Greeks of whom HOMER sang. The roots of European civilization lie in Greece, but the beginning of Greek greatness, hidden from us by lack of written records, can, to some extent be revealed by ARCHAELOGY (Crete, Troy). A number of city communities had already come into being when we get our first picture of Greece. In Greek world, the Mycenaean empire continued to about 1200 B.C. Then until 1000 B.C. the story of Greece is obscure. Greek-speaking tribes had already come into Achaea about 2000 B.C. (during the Greek Bronze Age). The later Mycenaeans (Achaeans) of Homer's story were undoubtedly Greek-speaking. Their age was one of restless activity; in it seven princes banded together to destory Thebes (about 32 miles N.W. Of Athens) and later, probably in the 12^th century B.C., the might of Achaea besieged Troy. But the Achaean power was soon to end, then, by the invasion of the northern Dorians, about 1100-1000B.C. The Greeks now had long iron swords, iron pointed spears, round shields with a central boss, bronze armour, helmets with crest and plume, hauberk of mail, greaves on their legs, studded belt of bronze and leather. They had war-chariots. They burnt their dead. The fusion of north and south was probably one cause for Greek greatness. The Athenians and Ionian's were artists, traders, sailors: they retained southern characteristics. Spartans were warriors, and their art was music and song: they had northern ideas. The rise of Athens was a great leap in civilization: it took place in the 5^th century B.C., and by it Persia was defied and defeated. Athens was a free republic from 507 B.C. At the end of the 6^th century the Ionian's (Greeks of Asia Minor) rose in revolt against the oppression of their Persian masters, and Athens and her neighbor, Eretria, went to their help and burnt Sardis, a Persian capital in Asia Minor. In 492 Darius, king of the Medes and Persians, sent a great army to invade Greece by land, with ships coasting alongside, but the fleet was wrecked off Mount Athos. In 490 B.C. Darius tried again. He planned to engage the Athenians on the north coast of Attica and thus to catch Athens undefended. But at Marathon the Persian archers were swept into the sea by the Athenians, who then speedily returned home to defend Athens. The Themistocles prevailed upon the Athenians to build ships, which they did. In 480 B.C. Xerxes, now king of Persia, decided to attack Athens again. Where his army had to cross the sea in the Dardanelles a bridge was built; where the ships had to pass Mount Athos a canal was dug. At Thermopylae the Spartans failed to hold the pass, but the Persian fleet was damaged by storm. To defend the isthmus Athens was abandoned, and the Persians burnt it. But the sea-fight off Salamis, with Xerxes sitting on the hill above to see his naval victory, ended in the destruction of the Persians again sacked Athens, but Spartans and Athenians inflicted a land defeat on the Persians, and they withdrew for ever (479 B.C.)

Athens was rebuilt. She was a democratic republic. Great men in all departments of life were there to help, so that in art and politics Greece as a great power dominated its world for a time. From 460 B. C. she pursued an imperialistic policy, co-operating in the confederacy of Delos for the protection of Ionian cities and indeed dominating it and building an empire upon it. Athens attacked Cyprus and overran Boeotia, but in 477 B.C.she was defeated at Coronea (in Boeotia) and thereafter abandoned land supremacy for that at sea. The inevitable Peloponnesian War with Sparta 431-404 ended in Athenian defeat. In Athens's century of greatness lived Miltiades, Thermistocles, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Socrates, Pheidias, Pericles, Anaxagoras, Aristophanes. Herodotus, Thucydides, Polygnotus and Ictinus. Spartan domination lasted less than thirty years (404-371 B.C.). During this time the episode of XENOPHON'S Anabasis took place (from 401 B.C.). Thebes and Athens joined forces against Sparta, and Thebes defeated Sparta at Leuctra (371 B.C.) and became the uneasy leader among Greek states. In 362 B.C.the Battle of Mantinea was fought between Thebans under Epaminondas and the Spartans and Athenians. Epaminodas was killed in the hour of victory, and thereafter Theban power waned. In Macedonia, Philip II, having become a strong king, attacked and defeated a mixed Greek army at Chaeroneia in 338 B.C. The following year he was elected president of an all-Greek union to march against the Persians. In 336 Philip was murdered and his son ALEXANDER THE GREAT became king. He conquered the known world, but on his death the empire fell to pieces. Out of it in the next generation three great kingdoms emerged: Macedonia, war-like and turbulent, under various short dynasties; Asia; huge and wealthy, under the Seleucids, and Egypt under the Ptolemys. In all three, language and civilization were Greek. The Hellenic race still lives in modern Greece. Conquered by the Romans in 146 B.C., her pagan learning continued until Justinian closed the Athenian schools of philosophy in A.D. 529. The Goths under Alaric (A.D. 396) ravaged Greece. Slavs conquered it and, in part, people it. Norman invaders took it, and in the 11^th century Harold Hardrada of Norway entered Athens in triumph. In the 13^th and 14^th centuries there were Frankish dukes of Athens. In 1456 it fell to the Turks, and with a brief Venetian interlude they held it until 1830, when it regained independence, which was broken by Turkish sovereignty from 1897 to 1913. Since then Greece has been a sovereign state with growing prestige.

Welcome to LORE

Hello all,
I am a Learner. It may be profitable to be a blogger. But it is very hard to handle. Everything is to be unique. All of you heard about the word 'Abacus' [originally a slab or table. Counting board, especially one with beads on wires; also a square slab of stone on the top of a column]. What i write, is the architectural definition of a abacus. We all know what is the use of the device. But can we define everything by mention of its usefulness. I think no. Some time we skipped some important issue that must be mention for. The word "Definition" is stand for. It is impossible to define everything because everything has a philosophy moreover it has a definition. In physiology, a term mostly related to our human phenomenon that is the 'Poiseuille's Law'. The blood circulation in the body is dependent on 'Laminar Flow'. In 'Turbulent Flow' the flow rate is proportional to the square root of the pressure gradient, as opposed to the direct proportionality to pressure gradient in laminar flow. Why I write these? Don't be panic. I just focus on the relation of subjects to subjects. In physiology term can be described as mathematically. What do you think it is simple. Yes, it is a simple you have thousand and more example in your personal dairy or laptops to defeat me. I am not here to show off anything like that I just make a way by my words to explore smth new and make you a thinker....
See you soon ['~']['_']